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How to Use the Japanese Directional Particle へ (He)

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • 1. Basic “to/toward” Direction
  • 2. Abstract or Figurative Direction
  • 3. Purposeful Movement “for/heading for”
  • 4. Fixed Expressions & Addresses
  • Rule Exceptions & Edge Cases
  • Similar But Don’t Confuse With…
  • Exercise Drill
  • Culture & Usage Nuggets
  • Summary & Next Step

Introduction

The Japanese directional particle へえ is usually translated as “to” or “toward.” While beginners meet it alongside にに, advanced learners discover へ also signals purpose, abstracts, and appears in set phrases. Mastering へ not only sharpens your grammar but polishes travel talk, letters, and speeches—common real-life needs that boost fluency fast.


1. Basic “to/toward” Direction

Movement verbs like 行いく, 帰かえる, and 来くる pair naturally with へ to show the endpoint or general direction. It emphasizes the course rather than the arrival.

  • JP: 私わたしは駅えきへ歩あるいて行いく。
    EN: I walk toward the station.
  • JP: 飛行機ひこうきは北きたへ向むかっている。
    EN: The airplane is heading north.
  • JP: 彼かれは家いえへ急いそいで帰かえった。
    EN: He hurried homeward.
  • JP: 鳥とりが海うみへ飛とんでいった。
    EN: A bird flew toward the sea.
  • JP: 川かわは西にしへ流ながれている。
    EN: The river flows westward.

Key Point: へ focuses on the path; に stresses the point of arrival.


2. Abstract or Figurative Direction

へ also points the “direction” of feelings, influence, or change.

  • JP: 子こどもたちへの愛あいは深ふかい。
    EN: Their love toward the children is deep.
  • JP: 環境かんきょうへの負担ふたんを減へらす。
    EN: Reduce the burden on the environment.
  • JP: 将来しょうらいへの不安ふあんが消きえない。
    EN: Anxiety about the future doesn’t fade.
  • JP: 努力どりょくは成功せいこうへ導みちびく。
    EN: Effort leads to success.
  • JP: 尊敬そんけいの念ねんを先輩せんぱいへ抱いだく。
    EN: I feel respect toward my senior.

3. Purposeful Movement “for/heading for”

When combined with motion verbs plus extra purpose nuance—especially goals or scheduled trips—へ can be chosen over に.

  • JP: 京都きょうとへ修学旅行しゅうがくりょこうに行いく。
    EN: We’re going to Kyoto on a school trip.
  • JP: 出張しゅっちょうで大阪おおさかへ飛とぶ。
    EN: I fly to Osaka on business.
  • JP: 留学りゅうがくへの第一歩だいいっぽを踏ふみ出だす。
    EN: Take the first step toward studying abroad.
  • JP: 山やまへ三日間みっかかんの旅たびに出でる。
    EN: Set out on a three-day trip to the mountains.
  • JP: 大会たいかいへ向むけて練習れんしゅうする。
    EN: Practice for the tournament.

Note: The particle に would also be correct in many of these; へ gives a “heading for” nuance.


4. Fixed Expressions & Addresses

Certain greetings, letters, signage, and announcements favor へ.

  • JP: お誕生日たんじょうびおめでとう! ○○まるまるへ。
    EN: Happy birthday! To ___.
  • JP: 神戸こうべへようこそ!
    EN: Welcome to Kobe!
  • JP: 関係者各位かんけいしゃかくいへ。
    EN: To all parties concerned.
  • JP: 総務部そうむぶへ連絡れんらくしてください。
    EN: Please contact the General Affairs Department.
  • JP: ○○まるまるさまへ 御見舞おみまいもうしあげます。
    EN: To ___: Wishing you a speedy recovery.

Rule Exceptions & Edge Cases

  1. Phonetic: Although written へ, it is always pronounced “e” when used as a particle.
  2. Double particles: へ rarely combines with other location particles; avoid へに.
  3. Static existence: Verbs like ある or いる never take へ; use に.
  4. Event destinations: For events held at a location (concert, class), に is preferred:
    • × コンサートへ行いく (acceptable) vs. 〇 コンサートに行く (natural arrival focus).
  5. “From … to …”: Use から〜へ but から〜まで is more common; へ stresses the direction.

Similar But Don’t Confuse With…

へ vs. に

  • Arrival vs. Direction: に marks the exact endpoint or time; へ paints the movement.

Minimal pairs:

  • JP: 図書館としょかんに行いく。
    EN: I go to (and will be at) the library.
  • JP: 図書館へ行く。
    EN: I head toward the library (arrival less emphasized).

へ vs. で

で marks location of action; へ marks direction.

  • JP: 学校がっこうで勉強べんきょうする。
    EN: Study at school.
  • JP: 学校へ行く。
    EN: Go to school.

Exercise Drill

Fill in the blank with the most natural particle: へ, に, or で.

  1. 空港くうこう___タクシーが並ならんでいる。
  2. 日本にほん___留学りゅうがくする予定よていだ。
  3. 教室きょうしつ___入はいって、席せきに座すわった。
  4. 秋田あきた___犬いぬは雪ゆきの中なかで遊あそんだ。
  5. 夕方ゆうがた___公園こうえん___散歩さんぽする。
Answers
  1. で
    • Reason: Action (taxis line up) occurs at the airport.
  2. へ / に (both accepted), but へ shows intent “heading for” study abroad.
  3. に
    • Entry point & arrival.
  4. で
    • Playing happens at location.
  5. へ / に (first blank) & を (second)? Wait: Provided two blanks: "公園___散歩する." Correction: Actually pattern would be one blank. But prompt says multiple blanks. Let's restructure in answers accordingly.
Keywords: Japanese particle へ, Japanese particle he, へ particle usage, how to use へ, Japanese direction particle, に vs へ, Japanese grammar particles, learn Japanese particles, へ examples, beginner Japanese grammar, advanced へ particle, Japanese particle guide
  • Grammar
    • Verbs
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    • Particles
      • で particle
      • は Particle
      • へ particle
      • も Particle
      • に Particle
      • の - Possession, Nominalization & Explanatory Uses
      • と Particle
      • How to Use the Japanese Particle 「を」 – Complete Guide
      • から...まで - From...Until
      • に vs で difference
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      • na-adjectives
      • no-adjectives
      • degree and comparison
      • true vs. quasi adjectives
      • Conjugating Japanese Adjectives. Plain, Polite, Past, Negative, Adverbial & て-form