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How to Express Degree and Comparison in Japanese: とても, あまり, わりに, もっと, いちばん, より, ほど

Table of Contents

  • Quick-Start Overview
  • とても — Strong Emphasis
  • あまり — “Not Very” With Negatives
  • わりに — Unexpected Degree
  • もっと — “More” / “Further”
  • より — Explicit Comparison “Than”
  • ほど — Extent / “Not As … As”
  • Rule Exceptions & Edge Cases
  • Similar But Don’t Confuse With…
  • Exercise Drill
  • Culture Nuggets
  • Summary & Next Steps

Quick-Start Overview

Need to say something is “very,” “not very,” “comparatively,” or “the most” in Japanese? You’ll reach for degree adverbs and comparison markers such as とても, あまり, わりに, もっと, いちばん, より, and ほど. Mastering these seven small words unlocks natural-sounding descriptions and comparisons, a core skill for Japanese language learners from beginner to advanced levels. This lesson walks you through each term, shows how they interact, and gives you practice so you can accurately rank, intensify, and contrast anything from sushi prices to summer heat.


とても — Strong Emphasis

Explanation

とても means “very,” “extremely,” or “really.” Place it directly before adjectives or adverbs to boost their intensity. It can also precede verbs in informal speech to stress degree of action.

  • Works with affirmative sentences.
  • Cannot combine with negative nuance words like あまり or ぜんぜん.
  • Formal synonym: たいへん.

Examples

  • JP: このこのケーキけーきはとても甘あまい。
    EN: This cake is very sweet.
  • JP: 彼かれはとても速はやく走はしる。
    EN: He runs really fast.
  • JP: とても寒さむいので、窓まどを閉しめてください。
    EN: It’s extremely cold, so please close the window.
  • JP: 試験しけんはとても難むずかしかった。
    EN: The exam was very difficult.
  • JP: 彼女かのじょはとても親切しんせつだ。
    EN: She is really kind.

あまり — “Not Very” With Negatives

Explanation

あまり (or あんまり in speech) expresses a low degree but almost always pairs with negative forms. Think “not very” or “hardly.” Structure: あまり + predicate-NEGATIVE.

  • Do not attach とても and あまり together.
  • Occasionally appears with positive predicates to mean “so much that…” in literary style; see Edge Cases.

Examples

  • JP: あのあの映画えいがはあまり面白おもしろくない。
    EN: That movie isn’t very interesting.
  • JP: 私はわたしはあまり肉にくを食たべない。
    EN: I don’t eat much meat.
  • JP: 彼かれはあまり話はなさなかった。
    EN: He didn’t talk much.
  • JP: この本ほんはあまり高たかくない。
    EN: This book isn’t very expensive.
  • JP: あまり遅おそくならないでね。
    EN: Don’t be too late, OK?

わりに — Unexpected Degree

Explanation

わりに (formal: わりには) conveys “considering that…,” “relatively,” or “for (something).” It marks a gap between expectation and reality.

  • Pattern: X + わりに (は) + Y.
  • Works with nouns, adjectives, verbs (plain form) and quantifiers.

Examples

  • JP: 彼かれは年齢ねんれいのわりに若わかく見みえる。
    EN: He looks young for his age.
  • JP: このレストランれすとらんは値段ねだんのわりに量りょうが多おおい。
    EN: Portions are big considering the price.
  • JP: 忙いそがしいわりに、彼女かのじょは趣味しゅみの時間じかんを作つくっている。
    EN: Despite being busy, she makes time for her hobbies.
  • JP: 天気てんきが悪わるかったわりに、客きゃくが多おおかった。
    EN: There were many customers even though the weather was bad.
  • JP: 勉強べんきょうしなかったわりに、点数てんすうは良よかった。
    EN: He got a good score for someone who didn’t study.

もっと — “More” / “Further”

Explanation

もっと signals a desire or need for a higher degree or additional amount: “more,” “further,” “even more.” Often appears with commands, requests, or the comparative structure “もっと + adjective + く.”

  • Can modify verbs, adjectives, or quantities.
  • Combine with ください or したい, etc.

Examples

  • JP: もっと静しずかに話はなしてください。
    EN: Please speak more quietly.
  • JP: 私はわたしはもっと日本語にほんごを練習れんしゅうしたい。
    EN: I want to practice Japanese more.
  • JP: もっと大おおきいサイズはありますか。
    EN: Do you have a bigger size?
  • JP: 彼かれはもっと早はやく到着とうちゃくできたはずだ。
    EN: He could have arrived earlier.
  • JP: 時間じかんがあれば、もっと観光かんこうしたかった。
    EN: If we had time, I wanted to sightsee more.

より — Explicit Comparison “Than”

Explanation

より tags the standard of comparison, equivalent to English “than.” Basic pattern: A は B より + adjective/verb phrase.
Can merge with counter words, adverbs, or よりも for emphasis.

  • The element before より is what something is compared to.
  • Can appear after adverbs or quantifiers: 三時間より長ながい “longer than three hours.”

Examples

  • JP: 東京とうきょうは大阪おおさかより大おおきい。
    EN: Tokyo is larger than Osaka.
  • JP: 今年ことしは去年きょねんより暑あつい。
    EN: This year is hotter than last year.
  • JP: 電車でんしゃより車くるまのほうが速はやい。
    EN: Cars are faster than trains.
  • JP: 一万円いちまんえんより高たかい靴くつは買かわない。
    EN: I won’t buy shoes that cost more than ten-thousand yen.
  • JP: きのうより早はやく寝ねよう。
    EN: Let’s go to bed earlier than yesterday.

ほど — Extent / “Not As … As”

Explanation

ほど expresses degree or extent. Two key uses:

一. Positive extent: “to the extent that,” often with verbs. 二. Negative comparison: “not as … as.” Pattern: A は B ほど + negative predicate.

ほど can combine with quantifiers: 三時間ほど “about three hours.”

Examples (Extent)

  • JP: 泣なくほど嬉うれしかった。
    EN: I was so happy I could cry.
  • JP: 歩あるけないほど疲つかれた。
    EN: I got tired to the point I couldn’t walk.

Examples (Negative Comparison)

  • JP: 東京とうきょうはニューヨークにゅーよーくほど寒さむくない。
    EN: Tokyo is not as cold as New York.
  • JP: 数学すうがくは英語えいごほど得意とくいではない。
    EN: I’m not as good at math as English.
  • JP: 彼女かのじょは昔むかしほど忙いそがしくない。
    EN: She’s not as busy as she used to be.

Rule Exceptions & Edge Cases

  • あまり + affirmative verb (literary): あまり泣ないたので目めが腫はれた — “I cried so much that my eyes swelled.” Context signals excess rather than “not very.”
  • より can drop when the comparison target uses ほど with negative: A は B ほど〜ない implicitly compares to B without repeating より.
  • とても cannot modify nouns directly; use とても + adjective な + noun or とても + の. E.g., とても大切たいせつな人ひと.
  • わりに mostly written in hiragana; kanji 割に exists but implies economic sense.
  • ほど vs ごろ: both mean “about,” but ごろ tells approximate time (三時ごろ), while ほど focuses on quantity/length (二キロほど).

Similar But Don’t Confuse With…

かなり vs とても

  • かなり = “considerably,” weaker than とても but stronger than まあまあ.
  • JP: このこのコーヒーはかなり苦にがい。
    EN: This coffee is quite bitter.
  • JP: このコーヒーはとても苦い。
    EN: This coffee is very bitter.

けっこう vs あまり

けっこう is “fairly” positive; あまり with negative is “not very.”

  • JP: 宿題しゅくだいはけっこう簡単かんたんだ。
    EN: The homework is fairly easy.
  • JP: 宿題はあまり簡単ではない。
    EN: The homework is not very easy.

いちばん vs もっと

いちばん indicates the superlative “the most,” not “more.”

  • JP: 彼かれがクラスでいちばん背せが高たかい。
    EN: He is the tallest in the class.
  • JP: もっと背が高い人ひとを探さがそう。
    EN: Let’s look for someone taller (more tall).

Exercise Drill

Fill in the blanks with the most natural choice.

一. この町まちは_____ 静かではない。(とても/あまり)
二. 英語えいごは日本語にほんご_____ 難しい。(より/ほど)
三. もう_____ 野菜を食たべたほうがいいよ。(もっと/いちばん)
四. 年齢ねんれいの_____ 元気だ。(わりに/ほど)
五. 北海道ほっかいどうは沖縄おきなわ_____ 暑くない。(より/ほど)
六. グループで_____ うまく歌うたえる人ひとはだれ?(いちばん/もっと)

Answers

一. あまり
Explanation: Needs negative; “not very quiet.”

二. より
Explanation: Explicit comparison “English is harder than Japanese.”

三. もっと
Explanation: Recommending “eat more vegetables.”

四. わりに
Explanation: “Surprisingly energetic for his age.”

五. ほど
Explanation: Negative comparison “not as hot as Okinawa.”

六. いちばん
Explanation: Asking for the superlative “who can sing the best.”


Culture Nuggets

  • In TV weather reports, you’ll often hear 今日より二に℃ほど高たかいです to combine より and ほど for precision plus approximation.
  • Japanese ads love intensifiers; とても may be replaced by 超 (ちょう) or めっちゃ in casual youth speech.
  • わりに reveals cultural nuance: praising value-for-money is cherished; saying コスパがいい pairs naturally with ~のわりに.
  • In polite business e-mails, もっと becomes さらに (“furthermore”) or いっそう (“all the more”) to sound refined.

Summary & Next Steps

You now know how to control degree and comparison in Japanese with とても, あまり, わりに, もっと, いちばん, より, and ほど. These seven high-frequency adverbs and particles let you rank, intensify, and contrast ideas smoothly, a must for Japanese fluency. Next lesson, we’ll level up by combining comparison words with conditional clauses to create nuanced recommendations and hypothetical contrasts (e.g., “If you want it spicier than this, add chili oil”). Stay tuned!

Keywords: Japanese degree adverbs, Japanese comparison words, とても あまり わりに もっと いちばん より ほど, Japanese grammar lesson, not as ... as in Japanese, Japanese superlatives
  • Grammar
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    • Particles
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      • は Particle
      • へ particle
      • も Particle
      • に Particle
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