How to Express Degree and Comparison in Japanese: とても, あまり, わりに, もっと, いちばん, より, ほど
Table of Contents
- Quick-Start Overview
- とても — Strong Emphasis
- あまり — “Not Very” With Negatives
- わりに — Unexpected Degree
- もっと — “More” / “Further”
- より — Explicit Comparison “Than”
- ほど — Extent / “Not As … As”
- Rule Exceptions & Edge Cases
- Similar But Don’t Confuse With…
- Exercise Drill
- Culture Nuggets
- Summary & Next Steps
Quick-Start Overview
Need to say something is “very,” “not very,” “comparatively,” or “the most” in Japanese? You’ll reach for degree adverbs and comparison markers such as とても, あまり, わりに, もっと, いちばん, より, and ほど. Mastering these seven small words unlocks natural-sounding descriptions and comparisons, a core skill for Japanese language learners from beginner to advanced levels. This lesson walks you through each term, shows how they interact, and gives you practice so you can accurately rank, intensify, and contrast anything from sushi prices to summer heat.
とても — Strong Emphasis
Explanation
とても means “very,” “extremely,” or “really.” Place it directly before adjectives or adverbs to boost their intensity. It can also precede verbs in informal speech to stress degree of action.
- Works with affirmative sentences.
- Cannot combine with negative nuance words like あまり or ぜんぜん.
- Formal synonym: たいへん.
Examples
- JP: このケーキはとても甘い。
EN: This cake is very sweet. - JP: 彼はとても速く走る。
EN: He runs really fast. - JP: とても寒いので、窓を閉めてください。
EN: It’s extremely cold, so please close the window. - JP: 試験はとても難しかった。
EN: The exam was very difficult. - JP: 彼女はとても親切だ。
EN: She is really kind.
あまり — “Not Very” With Negatives
Explanation
あまり (or あんまり in speech) expresses a low degree but almost always pairs with negative forms. Think “not very” or “hardly.” Structure: あまり + predicate-NEGATIVE.
- Do not attach とても and あまり together.
- Occasionally appears with positive predicates to mean “so much that…” in literary style; see Edge Cases.
Examples
- JP: あの映画はあまり面白くない。
EN: That movie isn’t very interesting. - JP: 私はあまり肉を食べない。
EN: I don’t eat much meat. - JP: 彼はあまり話さなかった。
EN: He didn’t talk much. - JP: この本はあまり高くない。
EN: This book isn’t very expensive. - JP: あまり遅くならないでね。
EN: Don’t be too late, OK?
わりに — Unexpected Degree
Explanation
わりに (formal: わりには) conveys “considering that…,” “relatively,” or “for (something).” It marks a gap between expectation and reality.
- Pattern: X + わりに (は) + Y.
- Works with nouns, adjectives, verbs (plain form) and quantifiers.
Examples
- JP: 彼は年齢のわりに若く見える。
EN: He looks young for his age. - JP: このレストランは値段のわりに量が多い。
EN: Portions are big considering the price. - JP: 忙しいわりに、彼女は趣味の時間を作っている。
EN: Despite being busy, she makes time for her hobbies. - JP: 天気が悪かったわりに、客が多かった。
EN: There were many customers even though the weather was bad. - JP: 勉強しなかったわりに、点数は良かった。
EN: He got a good score for someone who didn’t study.
もっと — “More” / “Further”
Explanation
もっと signals a desire or need for a higher degree or additional amount: “more,” “further,” “even more.” Often appears with commands, requests, or the comparative structure “もっと + adjective + く.”
- Can modify verbs, adjectives, or quantities.
- Combine with ください or したい, etc.
Examples
- JP: もっと静かに話してください。
EN: Please speak more quietly. - JP: 私はもっと日本語を練習したい。
EN: I want to practice Japanese more. - JP: もっと大きいサイズはありますか。
EN: Do you have a bigger size? - JP: 彼はもっと早く到着できたはずだ。
EN: He could have arrived earlier. - JP: 時間があれば、もっと観光したかった。
EN: If we had time, I wanted to sightsee more.
より — Explicit Comparison “Than”
Explanation
より tags the standard of comparison, equivalent to English “than.” Basic pattern:
A は B より + adjective/verb phrase.
Can merge with counter words, adverbs, or よりも for emphasis.
- The element before より is what something is compared to.
- Can appear after adverbs or quantifiers: 三時間より長い “longer than three hours.”
Examples
- JP: 東京は大阪より大きい。
EN: Tokyo is larger than Osaka. - JP: 今年は去年より暑い。
EN: This year is hotter than last year. - JP: 電車より車のほうが速い。
EN: Cars are faster than trains. - JP: 一万円より高い靴は買わない。
EN: I won’t buy shoes that cost more than ten-thousand yen. - JP: きのうより早く寝よう。
EN: Let’s go to bed earlier than yesterday.
ほど — Extent / “Not As … As”
Explanation
ほど expresses degree or extent. Two key uses:
一. Positive extent: “to the extent that,” often with verbs. 二. Negative comparison: “not as … as.” Pattern: A は B ほど + negative predicate.
ほど can combine with quantifiers: 三時間ほど “about three hours.”
Examples (Extent)
- JP: 泣くほど嬉しかった。
EN: I was so happy I could cry. - JP: 歩けないほど疲れた。
EN: I got tired to the point I couldn’t walk.
Examples (Negative Comparison)
- JP: 東京はニューヨークほど寒くない。
EN: Tokyo is not as cold as New York. - JP: 数学は英語ほど得意ではない。
EN: I’m not as good at math as English. - JP: 彼女は昔ほど忙しくない。
EN: She’s not as busy as she used to be.
Rule Exceptions & Edge Cases
- あまり + affirmative verb (literary): あまり泣いたので目が腫れた — “I cried so much that my eyes swelled.” Context signals excess rather than “not very.”
- より can drop when the comparison target uses ほど with negative: A は B ほど〜ない implicitly compares to B without repeating より.
- とても cannot modify nouns directly; use とても + adjective な + noun or とても + の. E.g., とても大切な人.
- わりに mostly written in hiragana; kanji 割に exists but implies economic sense.
- ほど vs ごろ: both mean “about,” but ごろ tells approximate time (三時ごろ), while ほど focuses on quantity/length (二キロほど).
Similar But Don’t Confuse With…
かなり vs とても
- かなり = “considerably,” weaker than とても but stronger than まあまあ.
- JP: このコーヒーはかなり苦い。
EN: This coffee is quite bitter. - JP: このコーヒーはとても苦い。
EN: This coffee is very bitter.
けっこう vs あまり
けっこう is “fairly” positive; あまり with negative is “not very.”
- JP: 宿題はけっこう簡単だ。
EN: The homework is fairly easy. - JP: 宿題はあまり簡単ではない。
EN: The homework is not very easy.
いちばん vs もっと
いちばん indicates the superlative “the most,” not “more.”
- JP: 彼がクラスでいちばん背が高い。
EN: He is the tallest in the class. - JP: もっと背が高い人を探そう。
EN: Let’s look for someone taller (more tall).
Exercise Drill
Fill in the blanks with the most natural choice.
一. この町は_____ 静かではない。(とても/あまり)
二. 英語は日本語_____ 難しい。(より/ほど)
三. もう_____ 野菜を食べたほうがいいよ。(もっと/いちばん)
四. 年齢の_____ 元気だ。(わりに/ほど)
五. 北海道は沖縄_____ 暑くない。(より/ほど)
六. グループで_____ うまく歌える人はだれ?(いちばん/もっと)
Answers
一. あまり
Explanation: Needs negative; “not very quiet.”
二. より
Explanation: Explicit comparison “English is harder than Japanese.”
三. もっと
Explanation: Recommending “eat more vegetables.”
四. わりに
Explanation: “Surprisingly energetic for his age.”
五. ほど
Explanation: Negative comparison “not as hot as Okinawa.”
六. いちばん
Explanation: Asking for the superlative “who can sing the best.”
Culture Nuggets
- In TV weather reports, you’ll often hear 今日より二℃ほど高いです to combine より and ほど for precision plus approximation.
- Japanese ads love intensifiers; とても may be replaced by 超 (ちょう) or めっちゃ in casual youth speech.
- わりに reveals cultural nuance: praising value-for-money is cherished; saying コスパがいい pairs naturally with ~のわりに.
- In polite business e-mails, もっと becomes さらに (“furthermore”) or いっそう (“all the more”) to sound refined.
Summary & Next Steps
You now know how to control degree and comparison in Japanese with とても, あまり, わりに, もっと, いちばん, より, and ほど. These seven high-frequency adverbs and particles let you rank, intensify, and contrast ideas smoothly, a must for Japanese fluency. Next lesson, we’ll level up by combining comparison words with conditional clauses to create nuanced recommendations and hypothetical contrasts (e.g., “If you want it spicier than this, add chili oil”). Stay tuned!